ORIGINAL PAPER
Cadmium, mercury and lead in the blood of urban women in Croatia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, China, Ecuador and Morocco
 
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1
Department of Chemical Hazards and Genetic Toxicology, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Sosnowiec, Poland
 
2
Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Kościelna 13, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
 
3
Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
 
4
Division of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
 
5
Department of General Hygiene, Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
 
6
Institute for the Development of Production and Work Environment, Quito, Ecuador
 
7
Department of Environmental Sciences, Institut Jožef Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia
 
8
Department of Health Informatics and Biostatistics, Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
 
9
Department of Environmental Health, Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
 
10
Environmental and Population Health Monitoring, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic Headquarters
 
11
Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
 
12
Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
 
13
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
 
14
Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology and Environmental Health, University of Fez, Fez Atlas, Morocco
 
15
Department of Hygiene, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
 
16
Laboratory of Audiology and Noise, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Sosnowiec, Poland
 
17
Oikon Ltd, Zagreb, Croatia
 
 
Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2013;26(1):58-72
 
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Objectives: The aim of the study was to make an international comparison of blood levels of cadmium (B-Cd), lead (BPb) and mercury (B-Hg) of women in seven European, and three non-European cities, and to identify determinants. Materials and Methods: About 50 women (age: 46–62) from each city were recruited (totally 480) in 2006–2009. Interview and questionnaire data were obtained. Blood samples were analysed in one laboratory to avoid interlaboratory variation. Results: Between the European cities, the B-Pb and B-Cd results vary little (range of geometric means: 13.5–27.0 μg/l and 0.25–0.65 μg/l, respectively); the variation of B-Hg was larger (0.40–1.38 μg/l). Between the non-European cities the results for B-Pb, B-Cd and B-Hg were 19.2–68.0, 0.39–0.99 and 1.01–2.73 μg/l, respectively. Smoking was a statistically signifi cant determinant for B-Cd, while fi sh and shellfi sh intakes contributed to B-Hg and B-Pb, amalgam fi llings also contributed to B-Hg. Conclusions: The present results confi rm the previous results from children; the exposure to lead and cadmium varies only little between different European cities suggesting that other factors than the living area are more important. The study also confi rms the previous fi ndings of higher cadmium and lead levels in some non-European cities. The geographical variation for mercury is signifi cant.
eISSN:1896-494X
ISSN:1232-1087
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