Lipidomics belongs to the family of the so-called omics domains, which, based on modern chemical technologies, strive to explain the biological principles of the organism’s functioning. Main biological functions of lipids include energy storage, the formation of cell membranes, and participation in the transmission of biological signals, and their dysregulation is responsible for the development of pathological states. Thanks to lipid profiling, potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis can be identified. This paper discusses selected examples of the use of lipidomic tests in the diagnosis of the kidney, metabolic and neoplastic diseases based on research papers published over the last few years (since 2016). Only works based on the study of human biological material by mass spectrometry methods were taken into account. The examples of lipidomics application presented in this publication are only a few of the possibilities of this technique. As potential possibilities have already been discovered, the next step for the research community is to work on standardization of the approach to lipidomic research and to develop bioinformatics methods that allow efficient processing and analysis of large amounts of data generated in this technique. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2022;35(2):111–26