Objectives: The aim of this exploratory study was to analyze the association between emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion among healthcare professionals, and the mediating role of the perceived quality of care in this relationship. Material and Methods: Self-report questionnaires were administered to 724 healthcare workers. The measurement model was tested and the mediation hypothesis was verified through hierarchical multiple regression analyses. Bootstrapping was used to construct confidence intervals to evaluate the mediation effects. Results: Emotional dissonance was significantly related to emotional exhaustion, and the perceived quality of care was negatively related to emotional exhaustion. The perceived quality of care had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion. Emotional dissonance had a significant effect on emotional exhaustion, and the perceived quality of care was a mediating factor in this relationship among healthcare professionals. Conclusions: The management of the perceived quality of care may be helpful in the prevention of burnout and distress in the workplace. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(6):841–51